Huffman Trucking - 4230 Words

Huffman Trucking Information Systems Security Review and Upgrade Background and Statement of Need An increasing growth of the Huffman network infrastructure and architecture requires review of existing network security hardware and software/application resources. This review will help to determine requirements for new systems and possible upgrades to protect Huffman Information Systems from exploitation and ensure security features are in place to combat increasing threats to customer information bases, industry information, technology and assets, and existing and increasing identity theft threats. Negative consequences of neglecting these information security issues can be measured in predictable loss of revenue due to identity theft,†¦show more content†¦The overall scope will encompass Huffman Information Technology and its information systems security capabilities. Specific technologies to be addressed will be: Human Resources Information Processing systems, Data storage networking processes, day Ââ€" to - day information processing security procedures, logons, sec urity scripts, network access control, and Web access control. Technologies and processes not within the scope are; the coordination for Type III and above encryption and keying material and coordination for National Security Agency (NSA) communications security (COMSEC) requirements. New networking or information systems technology will not be introduced into the scope of this project unless it provides necessary network security features for the prescribed protection. Impact to ERP and SAP processes and operations will be kept to a minimum. Downtime may be needed to implement significant network components and software but will be coordinated and scheduled to occur during less than peak business hours to keep operational impact to a minimum. Task Responsibility Matrix The following resources are assigned to the Project Team and have associated responsibilities: Project Manager Ââ€" Project leader manages teams and provides oversight. Chief Information Officer - Provides support, funding, Information Architect - Provides engineering, testing criteria, technical goals, works closely with Programmer, Technical Lead, and Network Admin.Show MoreRelatedHuffman Trucking1019 Words   |  5 PagesHuffman Trucking Infrastructure Assessment Huffman Trucking is first major freight carrier that has managed to grow tremendously over the past few years (Huffman Trucking, 2008). The company has 925 drivers, 425 support personnel, 800 road tractors, and 2100 trailers. The organization offers various customers base and distribution capacity. The mission of Huffman Trucking is to increase the profit and become a growing, and adaptable company. Huffman Trucking plans to leverage the automated informationRead MoreHuffman Trucking Essay1830 Words   |  8 PagesFounded in 1936 with a single tractor-trailer, Huffman Trucking (Huffman), a national transportation company, is located in Cleveland OH. Today, Huffman has over 1,400 employees, 800 tractors, expected revenue to surpass $600,000,000 and is still privately held. Huffman has hubs located in Los Angeles, CA, St. Louis, MO, Bayonne, NJ with the central maintenance facility located in Cleveland OH. Their working contracts are primarily with the US Government, automotive pa rts industry, electronic consumerRead MoreHuffman Trucking Database Essay752 Words   |  4 PagesHuffman Trucking Database The driving log was broken up into 11 tables. The database is in the third normal form or Boyce Codd Normal Form (BCNF) (Pratt Adamski, 2005, p. 153). This level of normalization ensures no repeating groups, no key column is dependent on only a portion of the primary key, and the only determinants that are contained are candidate keys. The company has four locations in the United States and services 925 drivers. Normalization to the third normal form is sufficientRead MoreHuffman Trucking Benefits Election System Risks1200 Words   |  5 PagesHuffman Trucking: Benefits Election System Security Lisa M. Gardner CMGT442: Information Systems Risk Management March 19, 2012 Craig McCormick Huffman Trucking: Benefits Election System Huffman Trucking Company has requested a new Benefits Election System to be implemented within the organization. The current benefit packages include medical, dental, and vision plans for employees. For the BenefitRead MoreHuffman Trucking Initial Risk Assessment1366 Words   |  6 PagesHuffman Trucking Initial Risk Assessment Introduction Huffman Trucking is a national transportation company based in Cleveland, Ohio. (UOP, 2009) The organization has 1,400 employees and 800 trucks on the road, with logistical hubs in California, New Jersey and Missouri. The company’s mission reads: â€Å"our mission is to be a profitable, growing, adaptive company in an intensively competitive logistical services benefit environment.† The focus of Huffman’s mission is on stockholders, customers, regulatoryRead MoreHuffman Trucking Income Statement Vertical Analysis817 Words   |  4 PagesHuffman Trucking Income Statement / Vertical Analysis December 31st, 2006 | In Thousands$ | Percent of Net-Sales(Rounded) | | 2006 | 2005 | 2006 | 2005 | Revenues | 879,944 | 807,288 | 100% | 100 | | Operating Expenses | | Salaries, Wages amp; Benefits | 353,739 | 330,597 | 40% | 41% | Fuel Expense | 217,363 | 192,357 | 25% | 24% | Operating Supplies amp; Expenses | 152,318 | 136,319 | 17% | 17% | Purchased Transportation | 89,957 | 82,429 | 10% | 10% | Operating TaxesRead MoreHuffman Trucking Service Request Sr-Ht-003805 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Service Request SR-ht-003, We were to develop a design for a fleet truck maintenance database, located on the Huffman Trucking IT Service Requests site. This paper will talk about how our team completed the Change Request that was on the Huffman Trucking Service Request. First our team will talk about how Microsoft Access was used to create these tables by Huffman Trucking Database. Then how we used the tables with made up information to be tested on. Then on how we used forms in the maintenanceRead More Huffman Trucking Telephony Systems Analysis Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesA Physical Location Background Huffman Trucking has offices paired with plants in four states: California, Missouri, New Jersey, and Ohio. Huffman has grown both organically and through acquisition. The tremendous growth experienced by the company has also shined the light on some growing pains. Each of the four locations have independently managed networks including telephony which has resulted in disconnected systems that require independent investment for upgrades, support, and maintenanceRead MoreProposal: Sr-Ht-003 for Huffman Trucking3227 Words   |  13 PagesProposal: SR-ht-003 for Huffman Trucking Proposal: SR-ht-003 for Huffman Trucking Huffman Trucking s central maintenance facility in Cleveland, Ohio and presently has hubs in Los Angeles, California, St. Louis, Missouri, and Bayonne, New Jersey. To effectively manage their business, it is critical that Huffman Trucking can share information regarding vehicles maintenance with each of its hubs, including parts inventory and vendor data. Huffman Trucking needs a solution that would allow themRead MoreHuffman Trucking Entity-Relationship Model1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe Entity-Relationship Model ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form Database Design Goal of design is to generate a formal specification of the database schema Methodology: 1. Use E-R model to get a high-level graphical view of essential components of enterprise and how they are related 2. Then convert E-R diagram to SQL DDL, or whatever database model you are using E-R Model is not SQL based. It s not limited to any particular DBMS. It is a

The Chicano Of Chicano Literature - 882 Words

FINAL ESSAY Chicano Literature has been around since the 1800s after the Mexican war . Mexican American Literature is stories that writers talk about their ethnic identities through Chicano culture situations and characters. They are their own culture, who take traditions and customs from Mexico and American and make up their own history with it. They try to identify themselves with one culture or the other, the food, the customs, traditions and many other things. The boundaries that define a Chicano/a is that Chicanos live between two worlds, between two borders the American side and their Mexican side. At first, the borders may stop them from assimilating, constructing an environment of mistrust and hesitation. However, these boundaries do not reveal who they are until they figure out how to blend into their new society . If they do not assimilate to their new identity/culture it may cause them to lose a part of who they are. Nonetheless, being near a Border can have benefits as well as conseq uences like the loss of culture. Assimilation means to adapt to a new culture and become a part of them. â€Å"People of different backgrounds and beliefs undergo assimilation when, through living together, they come to see themselves as part of a larger community.† The reason why you see assimilation often in Chicano/a Literature is because many Mexicans try to blend into the American culture. Many Chicanos write stories about what they have lived through the years or stories they haveShow MoreRelatedThe And Chicano Works Of Literature1333 Words   |  6 Pages Although many common denominators do indeed exist between Nyuyorian and Chicano works of literature, it is also true that many differences separate their writings. Both types of writers give a voice to the members of the Latino culture and generations. However, their dialogue is set under a prognostication of different cultural, social, historical and political ideologies. This is revealed by an analysis of the theme s, characters, narratives and poetic voices found in their works. Nyucorian writersRead MoreBless Me Ultima Chicano Literature1592 Words   |  7 PagesIntroductory Paragraph Bless Me, Ultima is a Chicano novel written by Rudolfo Anaya in 1972, which includes a magical realism plot. Chicano literature is especially significant in this novel because it helps create a cultural identity for the main character and his community. The novel talks about a petite boy named Antonio; throughout the book Antonio makes his best efforts to try and find the path to which he belongs, he wants to find answers about who he is and wants to learn a lot more aboutRead MoreChicanos And The Liberal Agenda1075 Words   |  5 PagesChicanos and the Liberal Agenda In the early sixties, when times were of segregation, racism and discrimination, Chicanos often suffered the most. It was a dark time for Mexican-Americans, who were negatively referred as ‘Chicanos’. Chicanos did not always have the empowered meaning it has today. In the early sixties, ‘Chicano’ was often used to refer to Mexican-Americans’ as lower class, ignorant and as a derogatory racial identification. Furthermore, racism, exploitation, inequality, conformityRead MoreThe Chicano Subculture Essay635 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Im not Mexican. I am not American. I am not American in USA and Mexican in Mexico. I am Chicano everywhere. I do not have to assimilate anything. I have my own history†, stated the writer and novelist Carlos Fuentes. The Chicano subculture is the mixture of the Mexican and the American cultures. This subculture has its own history and unique characterizations that make it stand out. According to the Merriam Webster dictonary the word subculture is defined as â€Å"a group that has beliefs and behaviorsRead MoreLa Raza Unida Party And Brown Beret Recruitment Literature863 Words   |  4 PagesErnesto Chavez, Chavez successfully argues how the collapse of the Chicano movement resulted from the failure to identify the multi-faceted and dynamic/heterogeneous nature of the ethnic Mexican community. He argues how this failure resulted in a movement that shared a strong sense of cultural nationalism, yet differed in tactics and goals. Chavez uses the examination of La Raza Unida Party and Brown Beret recruitment literature to help support his argument. Specifically, Chavez focuses on the votingRead MoreThe Chicano Spanish1005 Words   |  5 Pagesdescriptive details of which what Anzaldua wrote about the Chicano spanish were indiscriminating themselves of being a marginalized group that their language was socially inferior to the dominant discourse language, the English language in America. The C hicano, or the Spanish people, in American society main priority that they wanted to get of the their cultural language to become â€Å" Americanized† of speaking the dominant discourse. The Chicano spanish people then felt uncomfortable that their traditionalRead MoreImproving The Racial Climate On Campus904 Words   |  4 Pageswith the content, when you find interest and aspirations within the content. Ethnic studies allowed diverse student to have access to this knowledge. The literature books used in ethnic studies courses have a pivotal role in encouraging academic engagement for the Latino students as well as personal acceptance of their culture. Most literature books used in classrooms are by American or European authors and this causes little attention addressing different groups of ethnicity, especially LatinosRead MoreThe Chicano Spanish And Chicano1284 Words   |  6 Pages September 15, 2015 Title- The Language of Chicano The Chicano Spanish people are a discriminated group of people in a society where they felt rather ashamed of their language. In the essay of what Anzaldua wrote about the Chicano Spanish were discriminating themselves of being a marginalized group that their language was socially inferior to the dominant discourse, the English language in America. The Chicano, or the Spanish people, in American society’s goal was thatRead MoreTaming Anzalduas Contact Zone Analysis984 Words   |  4 Pagesl anguage began to define her identity and culture. She was living in an English speaking environment, but was not White. She describes the difficulty of straddling the delicate changing language of Chicano Spanish. Chicano Spanish can even differ from state to state; these variations as well as and the whole Chicano language, is considered a lesser form of Spanish, which is where Anzaldua has a problem. The language a person speaks is a part of who they are. So if your primary language is considered uneducatedRead MoreRegional Dialects And Socio Cultural Differences1246 Words   |  5 Pagesexample Latino English or Chicano English. The Latino dialect is part of a socio-cultural dialect and can be examined closer to see who speaks it, how its vocabulary, morphology, and syntax vary from standard American English. Along with the pronunciation, and the misconceptions or stereotypes, and educational struggles the speakers face, and finally just how important it is for educators and hea lth professionals to understand how this dialect differs from American English. Chicano English is primarily

Of Mice and Men Relationships Free Essays

The novel ‘Of mice and Men’ is written by John Steinbeck, set in the 1930’s, America, during the Great Depression. The theme of the novel is of two men (George and Lennie)   Steinbeck introduces the two characters, George and Lennie, in the opening section of the novel. From this dialogue-â€Å"You drink some, George†- the reader is able to establish an understanding of the two characters’ relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men Relationships or any similar topic only for you Order Now One stayed behind the other’, is the first indication that one take more of a lead in the relationship than the other, and more evidence to support this: ‘Lennie imitated him exactly’. Steinbeck goes on to describe the first man to be ‘small and quick’, whereas ‘behind him walked his opposite, a huge man’. It would be thought the larger man would lead, to protect. The two men are described as ‘Both were dressed in denim trousers and in denim coats†¦ and both carried tight blanket rolls’. This shows they are similar in the way they are both itinerant workers. However they differ with appearance: George is explained to have ‘sharp features’, and Lennie to be his opposite ‘shapeless of face’. Steinbeck uses their appearance to show how completely different they are with everything, George has a sharp, quick mind, while on the other hand Lennie is rather simple minded. Steinbeck presents George and Lennie’s relationship very much like that of a father and sons. George looks after Lennie’s work card as George knows Lennie well enough not to trust him with it: â€Å"think I’d let you carry your own work card? † George also looks out for Lennie and tries to protect him- ‘you never oughta drink water when it ain’t running’, which is evidence to show he is like a father, advising Lennie. Steinbeck emphasises the theme of George and Lennie being like a father and son further by George praising Lennie to build Lennie’s self esteem: â€Å"Good boy, that’s it†. How to cite Of Mice and Men Relationships, Papers

Christopher Columbus, considered one of the greate Essay Example For Students

Christopher Columbus, considered one of the greate Essay st explorers of all time. Like every other explorer, Columbus had many reasons for his exploration. However, it is made obvious by studying the history of Columbus explorations that his main motive for exploration was greed. Columbus had the same desires as many explorers both before and after him. He yearned for gold. He wanted land. He wanted power. The whole purpose for his first voyage to what he thought was India, but turned out to be Central America, was to gain land for Spain. It took quite a bit of sweet talking from Columbus to get the money and ships needed for this voyage from Spains Queen Isabella. But in the end, Columbus had the chance to reach a goal brought on by greed: to gain riches. Queen Isabella had the same motive. She wanted land for Spain, and that is the only reason that she ever gave him the money and ships to make his voyage. The English, like other countries, voyaged to the Americas in search of riches. It wasnt until they got there that they realized that people already lived there. It was at that point that greed took over the English. The English did something, that by todays standards would be considered inhuman. They used a method of mass murder called extermination. They used whatever it took to kill the most Native Americans possible in the smallest amount of time. The English would not have done this had it not been for extreme greed. They wanted the land that the Native Americans had and they wanted it as soon as possible. This greed among the English did accomplish their task of taking land quickly, but it also accomplished the murder of thousands of Native Americans. Although it doesnt seem obvious at first thought, new laws in Europe helped with the effort in nation building. With the new laws were the guidelines as to were the laws were in effect. Often, a new law included a new area of land. This meant that with each new law a king put forth, theoretically, he could gain more land. A newer set of laws that were not made law by the king, took power from the king and said that he did not have total control. This set of laws, the Magna Carta, is perhaps the most famous set of written laws ever. With the decline of feudalism came the development of monarchies. A monarchy, form of government in which one person has the hereditary right to rule as head of state during his or her lifetime, usually presents the chance for nation building. A greedy king or queen can, if they have the forces needed, build their nation quickly and effectively. Just like everyone and everything else, the monarch always had a reason for nation building. Nine times out of ten, that reason was greed. The king wanted more people to tax. The king wanted more land. The king wanted more trade routes to tax. All of these are a part of greed. The king (or queen) wanted something that they didnt need and they were willing to do almost anything to get it. Fight a war. Kill a thousand people. The phrase Whatever it takes meant the world to a monarch. Greed. Whether it was colonization, as with Queen Isabella and Christopher, or it was nation building, greed was the motive behind it nine times out of ten. Christopher Columbus tried for years to make a voyage to what he thought was India, and he was so diligent because he was greedy. The English murdered thousands upon thousands of people because they wanted the land belonging to the Native Americans all to themselves. These are two very good examples of greed within colonization. A king wants more land, but he doesnt want a war. How does he get it? Why, he just thinks of some new ridiculous law that will have no effect other than to give him more land. .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 , .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 .postImageUrl , .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 , .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4:hover , .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4:visited , .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4:active { border:0!important; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4:active , .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4 .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7a2fb53b47e4e31a3b7e92a4b1115ac4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Life of Pi Essay The end of feudalism : not only the end of a great period of history, but also the beginning to the major development of one of the most influential types of government ever: the monarchy. The monarchy would prove to be a major force behind the building of many nations for decades. Greed among rulers was the strongest relationship between colonization and nation building. Is this fact? No, but I would like to see someone effectively argue against it. .

Biology Test Cells Essays - Organelles, Chloroplast,

Biology Test: Cells My brother was studying for his biology test. The next morning he was telling me about the dream he had. He said he traveled through a cell. I started to call him insane. My brother have an educational dream? I thought to myself, impossible. My brother started to tell me his crazy dream. The first place he came upon was the cell wall. He was trying to find a way out. He said he started to talk to the cell wall. He asked the cell wall the way out. The cell wall said to him How should I know? Im the outer most part of the cell all I do is make cellulose. You might want to ask the cell membrane she is right next to me. He told me he didnt have to walk far to get to the cell membrane. He described the inside of the cell membrane. He said he saw parts flying in and out of there. Kind of like an assembly line. He asked the cell membrane the way out. The cell membrane just replied How should I know? Im an envelope that engulfs the cell which permits a passage of materials into and out of the cell. Im very thin and flexible. You might want to ask the chloroplast. He went on with the story by walking to the chloroplast. He asked the chloroplast the way out here. The chloroplast just said, I have no idea. Will you stop bugging m e Im trying to work? Whats your job my brother asked. The chloroplast replied, I help with the photosynthesis process by providing chlorophyll. If you want to get out of here ask the mitochondria. As my brother was on his way to the mitochondria he saw a small round structure that looked like a bean. My brother asked, What are you and what job do you do? Im a lysosome I help in the digestive activities of the cell. My brother asked her do you know where the mitochondria? The lysosome replied, of course he is right over there. My brother started to walk that way. He asked the mitochondria the way out. The mitochondria said I dont know all I know is how to do my job. Whats your job? my brother asked. The mitochondria replied in a deep tone, Im the powerhouse of the cell in which cellular respiration occurs. If youre looking for a way out ask the endoplasmic reticulum on with the story he went. He said when he got to the endoplasmic reticulum he was very rude. My brother asked him t he way out. The endoplasmic reticulum yelled, I have no idea and why are you disturbing me I must get back to work. What exactly is your job in the cell? my brother replied. I have tubes as you can see all over the cells that substances are transported through, oh if your looking for the way out you might want to ask the ribosomes. the endoplasmic reticulum said. On his way he went to the ribosomes. The ribosomes were much nicer. There was a big group of them. He asked them if they knew the way out. All the ribosomes said, We dont know. All we know is how to make site of the cell. If you want to know the way out ask the cytoplasm. He went on his way to the cytoplasm. When he asked the cytoplasm the way out, seemed sad my brother said. The cytoplasm replied I dont know. My brother asked, Why are you so sad? Im not important at all Im just a little space between the cell membrane and the nucleus. My brother replied, Your important without you there is no cell. Your right if youre looking for a way out talk to the boss, the nucleus. On he went to the nucleus. My brother asked him the way out. The nucleus replied, go the way you came in, go through the cell wall. You walked all over the cell when you were at the way out to start. I direct all activities in the cell. All I

Napoleons Russian Campaign essays

Napoleons Russian Campaign essays The peace between France and Russia in 1807 lasted for five years but was not satisfactory to either side. The Tilsit settlement was thought of by Napoleon as no more than a convenient truce. In 1807 he had been in no position to invade Russia but there was no way that he could tolerate another European power for very long. Napoleon felt that a war with Russia was necessary for crushing England by crushing the only power still strong enough him any trouble by joining her. Napoleon began preparing for the war. He secured the support of Austria and Prussia since even though neither was in any position to refuse. Emperor Francis of Austria provided 34,000 men to cover the French but sent secret messages to St. Petersburg assuring Alexander that Austrian hostilities would be kept to a minimum. Prussia though was placed in a less fortunate position. With Berlin occupied by French and most of their 1807 debt to be paid it had no alternative but to provide 25,000 men and supply quarters and rations for the entire army. The rest of Napoleons Grand Army came from the many countries under his direct control. The Kingdom of Italy sent 45,000 men, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw 35,000. The Kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony and Westphalia each sent 17,000 men and there were many additions from various other nations under Napoleons control. In all the army totaled to 600,000 men. While Napoleon had an enormous army he made though inadequate preparations for supplying the troops. The provisions that he arranged for were not intended to provide all that the troops would need as they fought their way to Moscow. This was because Napoleon visualized a short campaign ending in a decisive victory. In a speech to his troops on June 22 he announced that In less than two months time the Russians will be asking for peace. His main striking force consisted of 235,000 men. Two smaller forces, each of 70,000 me...

Monaco grand prix economic impacts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Monaco grand prix economic impacts - Essay Example They are typically organized by variable combination of national governmental and international non-governmental organizations (Sylt and Reid, 2010).† The Monaco Grand prix has great economical impacts; first and foremost it leads to technological development of mass communication especially satellite television. This development means that revenues from television to host the events increase overwhelmingly. The television rights are sold very highly like the rights to host Olympic games in 2000 in Sidney was over US$1 billion (Sylt and Reid, 2010). There is also a lot of corporate sponsorship which provide huge sums of money to the host countries. The event is also useful in marketing products and showcasing various country attractions hence attracting tourism and foreign investments. This event is one of the most significant events ready to transform the country. This leads to an increase in the volumes of tourists who come to the event for various reasons (Sharkey, 2011). In return, the huge visitor or tourist volumes increase the revenue received from the tourist and hence boosts the local trade. To host such an event, a lot of marketing and publicity has to be done, this leads to the host country being known world wide and having a positive image which in return boost tourism even during the non pick periods (Sharkey, 2011). Hosting such a mega event gives the host country a chance to be put on the world map, by providing significant exposure to the world. They serve as a platform to show the cultural, economical and political power of the host. By hosting such a significant event it shows that the country has entered the international scene as a major figure. This has been the case for countries like Singapole, Japan which hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup, South Korea etc which little was known about them but after hosting sporting events their economies emerged and the political status became known

Origins of the idea of american Exceptionalismin history. and give Essay

Origins of the idea of american Exceptionalismin history. and give many examples from the book uncle tom's cabin(first publ - Essay Example Throughout the history of the nation, the country experienced unique historical occurrences, which sustained the concept of exceptionalism as most of the historical occurrences different from those that had taken place elsewhere in the world. Based on the analysis of such historical occurrences and a reflection of the novel Uncle Sam’s cabin, the essay below analyses the development and the use of the concept. Among such historical occurrences was the American Revolution, while historians have referred to the conflict in the first half of the 18th century as a revolution, the war was merely a nationalist movement seeking independence from the colonial masters. In a unique development and being the first of its kind, thirteen American colonies in the North concerted their effort to oppose the British colony thus push for self-rule. The thirteen states rejected the use of the legislations from the English parliament thus setting stage for one of the greatest wars in the history of the United States. In its uniqueness, the American Revolution became some of the forces beyond the formation of the United States. In their show of unity, the thirteen states joined together thus pooled their resources to form one of the greatest resistance in the world thus showing the power of unity. Some other historians on the other hand have sought to validate the resistance movement as an actual revolution; the war portrayed certain features that qualify it as a rebellion. The resistance against the British colonization of the land required great planning especially given the fact that it united thirteen expansive states. Just as many other revolutions elsewhere in the world, the American Revolution sought to introduce a change in regime. It was a great rebellion whose key objective was to topple the colonial government thus earns the thirteen regions in the north their independence. The resistance from the North compelled the government of England to send its troop to the land thus beginning on of the largest military inversion in the world. However, in their strong resolve and spirit of nationalism, the leaders of the revolution used their knowledge of their land to their advantage thus outsmarting the British soldiers thus sending he wave of the resistance to other parts of America such as the south. The other exceptional development in the American history was the American colony in Massachusetts. The expansive region exhibited cosmopolitan structure since it habited both the natives and the colonialists. While the colonialists strived to amass as much wealth from the country’s expansive resources, the locals exhibited resistance from the initial stages of the entry of the colonialists. However, their plan was to integrate with the colonialists and conduct their business alongside the colonialists thus learn their ways and formulate a massive resistance an occurrence that began the American Revolution. In the novel, the author portrays a cl ose relationship between the natives and the colonialists. The growth of the slave trade would revolutionize the economy of the world, the locals thus appreciated the trade and often invested in slave trade often purchasing the slaves from the slave markets all over Africa and selling them to the settlers. The treatment of the African American slaves in the country however became the longest American holocaust. The country abandoned Marxist theories and developed a liberal

Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Marketing Communications - Essay Example This not only allowed compliance with the marketing plans, but also succeeded in directly addressing the issue of consumer behaviour. This study emphasizes on the strategic significance of communication and the long term effect on the consumers. In this study, one of the biggest telecommunication companies of UK, O2, has been chosen to evaluate its communication mix. In addition, a comparative study between O2 and one of its arch rivals, Vodafone, has also been carried out. The key findings were that both O2 and Vodafone use almost all the elements of communication mix, except direct and personal selling. Although, it has been found that Vodafone is currently enjoying a better position in the market with its strong promotions and better plans, but the study has also shown that O2 has the potential to outshine Vodafone. In this context, the company can use its wide range of offerings to compete with Vodafone. One of the major limitations of the study was that it has been able to carry out secondary research only. It is believed that some kind of primary research along with this would have increased its credibility. Table of Contents 2 Introduction 4 Competition between two Brands 5 Literature Review 8 Market Overview 10 Research Methodology 11 Analysis and Discussion 11 Conclusions & Recommendations 17 Appendix 19 Introduction This paper looks into the marketing strategies of O2 and presents an evaluative study of the current strategies adopted by the company in contrast to its competitor, Vodafone. However, prior to that, brief overview of both the companies will be presented. O2 Telefonica UK Limited, commonly known as O2, is a UK based Telecommunication Company and is owned by Telefonica. The company is considered as the second largest telecommunication company of UK, right after Vodafone. O2 is presently headquartered at Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom. It was founded in the year 1983 and Cellnet was its predecessor. Apart from the telecommunication servic es, the company also operates in financial service industry and internet service providing industry. Ronan Dunne serves as the present CEO of the company. Since his takeover from the previous CEO, the company has managed to do very well and has also succeeded in maintaining high revenue. O2 offers 2G, 3G and 4G services across the country and in some other parts of Europe. Furthermore, along with the wireless services, the company is proactive in fixed line services as well. The company uses its name as the logo and tries to portray an image where it acts as oxygen to the consumers with its name O2. The company is also active in the fields of charity and for that, it has tied up with groups. One of them is Academy Music Group. Partnering with them, the company has established O2 academy. Vodafone Vodafone Group is a telecommunications company based in London (Vodafone, n.d.). The company has the registered office in Berkshire. The company has influential operations in the internatio nal market and occupies the position of the third-largest mobile telecommunications company, after China Mobile and Singtel in terms of total number of subscribers (Celtnet, 2013). In June 2011, the company had 381.72 million subscribers (Rediff, 2011). The company has expanded its operations in more than thirty countries. Additionally, it has network of business partners in more than forty countries, apart

Royal Library Of Alexandria History Essay

Royal Library Of Alexandria History Essay The Alexandria Library was the largest and most complete library of antiquity and certainly the greatest before the invention of printing. Only fragments and minor comments in ancient authorities are extant in current times. However, the history of the Alexandria Library [Library] remains of central importance in the intellectual history of the classical world as it is thought to contain the best-kept collection of classical literature.  [1]   With the help of historians and theorists as well as texts and historiographies, it is possible to retrace the founding, patronage, and operations of the Library; relate estimates about number of scrolls housed in the Library; and examine legends of its ultimate demise. The purpose of this essay is to review and synthesize the current knowledge of this most famous Library and reconsider its place in classical intellectual history. Alexandria, Egypt: Crossroads of Culture Scholars at the Center of Hellenic Studies at Kings College, London, view Alexandria of Ptolemaic Egypt as a city that was multi-cultural from its beginnings and a focal point for international trade and cultural development.  [2]  Situated between Africa and Europe, the meeting place of all races and creeds, Alexandria was the center of learning in the ancient world. It was a city of Greeks, Macedonians, Egyptians and Jews with the latter group making up about a third of the population. During the height of its power, Alexandria was said to have most abundant and helpful resources and be a nursing mother to men of every nation.  [3]   The Creation and Patronage of the Royal Library of the Ptolemies After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, his empire was divided into three parts with the Ptolemies dominating Egypt. Under the rule of the Ptolemies, Alexandria housed a Greco-Macedonian court ruling an Egyptian kingdom. Green explains that the Ptolemaic dynasty ran Egypt as a private estate and at a profit which supported scholarship, mercenaries, processions, etc.The Museum and its library played a fundamental role in justifying the rule of the Macedonian-Greek dynasty over Egypt.  [4]  The Library and its community of scholars flourished during the Hellenistic era of the Ptolemies. It has been thought to survive through the Roman Empire, but this finding is a source of debate among scholars. Historian John Marlowe describes how the Library at Alexandria emerged during the period roughly contemporary with Platos Academy, Aristotles Lyceum, Zenos Stoa and the school of Epicurus. Aristotles school in Athens, the Lyceum, had a shrine of the Muses and a library and promoted a universal concept of studies.  [5]  The Ptolemies envisioned Alexandria as a meeting place where scholars of the earth should extend the scientific horizons of man, suggestive of the Lyceum itself. Based on research from historian Edward Parsons, the foundation of the Museum-Library is attributed to Ptolemy Soter and/or his son Ptolemy II. The foundation and continuing support of the Museum and Library owed much to the pioneering work that Aristotle, and, to a lesser extent, Platos Academy, had already undertaken.  [6]   The Alexandria Museum (Temple of the Muses) was a gathering of scholars from all over the world. A Museum (Mouseion) was a shrine or center dedicated to the Muses and often associated with literary studies. The Muses been connected with thinkers and philosophers at least as early as the time of Pythagoras. According to Green, by the time of Aristotle a Museum embodied the features of an intellectual community including cult center, residence buildings, common meals, library holdings and research, and surrounding cloisters and garden. Timon of Philus, lampoonist, wrote of Ptolemys Alexandrian think tank: In the polyglot land of Egypt many now find pasturage as endowed scribblers, endlessly quarreling in the Muses bird cage. For the first three generations of Ptolemies, at least, relations with the Alexandrians were good. This, then, was the atmosphere in which Ptolemaic scholars, poets, and scientists operated.  [7]   History of the Royal Library Operations Information about how the library was run is subject to speculation. According to Parsons, scholars do not have a great deal of information about where and how the papyrus scrolls were stored; the dimensions of the collections; what role the other library, the Serapeum library, had in Alexandrian cultural life. Even the information about the demise of the library refers to a space of six centuries, from the age of Caesar to the age of the prophet Muhammad.  [8]   It is likely the first Ptolemies acquired and stored papyrus scrolls in the Museum. In order to manage this huge and increasing collection of texts, scholars devised a way to classify and order them according to various criteria, the most important evidence for which is represented by the work of Callimachus of Cyrene, who was a leading figure not only in the history of the library of Alexandria, but also in the tradition of Greek scholarship. Historian Roger Bagnall has described that despite volumes of scholarship, both the historical evidence and archaeological remnant of the Library and Museum at Alexandria are rather scant: The disparity between, on the one hand, the grandeur and importance of this library, both in its reality in antiquity and in its image both ancient and modern, and, on the other, our nearly total ignorance about it, has been unbearable. No one, least of all modern scholars, has been able to accept our lack of knowledge about a phenomenon that embodies so many human aspirations. In consequence, a whole literature of wishful thinking has grown up, in which scholars even, I fear, the most rigorous have cast aside the time-tested methods that normally constrain credulity, in order to be able to avoid confessing defeat.  [9]   The position of Demetrius (ca. 384-348) of Phaleron is more secure, as he was a prominent figure in the foundation of the Museum and Library. Aristeas, writing 100 years after the librarys inception, records that Ptolemy I handed assigned Demetrius the job of gathering books and scrolls, as well as letting him supervise a massive effort to translate other cultures works into Greek.  [10]  Demetrius recommended that Ptolemy gather materials on ruling in the style of Platos philosopher-kings. An estimated 30-50 scholars were probably permanently housed at the Museum, funded by the royal family, and later by public money.  [11]   Demetrius had been a pupil of Aristotle and Theophrastos at Aristotles Lyceum. The practice of getting the best scholars or poets to educate the crown prince was something that Ptolemy had had occasion to observe in Macedonia, where the young Alexander had been taught by Aristotle himself. It became a common practice for the Librarian also to serve as royal tutor: Apollonius and Aristarchus certainly did so. Parsons describes Demetrius as an orator and philosopher who dyed his hair blond and rouged his cheeks and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦anointed his person with Eastern salves. He ruled Athens for ten years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦with moderation and without disaster is an achievement. His critical judgments of ancient texts were much admired.  [12]  Green describes the responsibility that Demetrius had to the Library which included a strong sense that the literary heritage of archaic and classical Greece was in danger of being lost through indifference and neglect.  [13]  Looking at the subsequent history of the transmission of texts, the fear seems well justified. According to Green, the scholars who staffed the Library saw their mission as the rescue of past Greek literature, and set themselves to obtain copies of every known work. Royal purchasers combed the book marts of the Aegean and Asia Minor, the best of which were located in Athens and Rhodes. It was inevitable that numerous forgeries began to circulate. With such an influx of material, the Librarians first major task was to organize accessions and cataloging.  [14]  In about 25 BCE Vitruvius writes about how Aristophanes of Byzantium earned the job of librarian after memorizing most of the Librarys contents  [15]  . Parsons describes how the Ptolemies and their agents ransacked the Hellenic, Mediterranean and Asian cities for literary manuscripts and records. At the port of Alexandria, vessels were searched and books that were found were confiscated with copies made for their rightful owners.  [16]  These rolls, known as the salvaged material, were not (says Galen) delivered directly to the Library, but consigned in the first instance to warehouses, where they were stored in heaps a description.  [17]  Based on sources from Ellis, Ptolemy III wrote a letter to all the worlds sovereigns asking to borrow their books.  [18]  Legend has it that when Athens lent Ptolemy the texts of Euripides, Aeschylus, and Sophocles, he had them copied, returned the copies, and kept the originals. Another of the Librarians responsibilities was the establishment of sound texts purged of scribal errors made during the process of transmission.  [19]   The librarians were reputed to include some of the great figures of ancient scholarship. Bevan refers to the first recorded librarian in Alexandria as Zenodotus of Ephesus, holding that post until 245 B.C.E. His successor Callimachus of Cyrene, may have been Alexandrias most famous librarian, created a subject catalog in 120,000 scrolls of the Librarys holdings.  [20]  The Greek alphabet with less than thirty symbols was learned by almost everyone. An improvement took place in handwriting and developed a more elegant, flowing script, which made both for easier copying and quicker, and more comfortable reading.  [21]   According to Marlowe, librarian Eratosthenes (275-194 B.C.E) amassed a catalog of 44 constellations complete with background myths, as well as a list of 475 fixed stars. Eratosthenes, drawing on Egyptian and Near Eastern observations, deduced the length of the year to 365 1/4 days and was the first to suggest the idea of adding a leap day every four years.  [22]  The last recorded librarian was Aristarchus of Samothrace, the astronomer, who took up the position in 180 B.C.E. during dynastic struggles between two Ptolemies. From that time onward no librarians are mentioned by name in any historical record. Marlowe maintains that the Museum excelled at producing great geometers by assembling the geometric principles of earlier Greek mathematicians, and had access to Babylonian and Egyptian knowledge of geometry.  [23]  Archimedes was one of the early Alexandria scholars to apply theories of motion to mechanical devices. Among his discoveries were the lever and as an extension of the same principle the Archimedes screw, a hand-cranked device for lifting water.  [24]   In the second century C.E., Galen drew upon Alexandrias vast researches and his own investigations to compile fifteen books on anatomy and the art of medicine.  [25]  Herophilus, both collected and compiled the Hippocratic corpus at Alexandria. There has been some conflict about the fate of Aristotles books, once thought to be at the core of the collection, may have been carried off to Rome by Sulla  [26]  . Size and Scale of the Library at Alexandria Alexandrian scholars were provided with a library containing a huge collection of papyrus scrolls and entrusted them to explore every field of human knowledge. The Library may have been reserved for scholars of the Museum just as many modern research libraries are closed to people not affiliated to a scientific or academic institution. In addition to the great Library, located in the Bruchion district of Alexandria, there was a smaller library, called a sister or daughter library that still existed at the time of Caesar and was situated inside the temple of Serapis.  [27]   The manuscripts gathered by Demetrius and his successors were bundles of writings forming high piles in the Museum warehouse. Mixed rolls must have contained many duplicates. Parsons reports that there were 532,800 rolls, of which 132,800 single rolls were considered premier finds. The sister library may have contained 42,800 rolls, probably copies of the writings shelved in the bigger library. The brittle and frail paper of Egypt was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ fragile media indeed on which to confide the precious knowledge and wisdom of the ages. They were subject to damage by fire, water, rodents, and worms.  [28]   Johnson describes the physical stacks which consisted of pigeonholes or racks for the scrolls, some of which were wrapped in linen or leather jackets. From Roman times manuscripts were written in codex (book) form, and were often stored in wooden chests called armaria.  [29]  According to Bevan, Callimachus cataloged 400,000 mixed scrolls of multiple chapters and 90,000 unmixed scrolls.  [30]   Bagnall has studied the size of the Alexandrian library, and he concludes that either more than ninety percent of classical authors are not even quoted in the surviving Greek literature, or that the Ptolemies acquired a dozen copies of everything, or some combination of these unlikely hypotheses.  [31]  Seneca quotes Livy that over the 40,000 volumes were housed in grain depots near the Alexandria harbor, which were supposedly incinerated when Julius Caesar torched the fleet of Cleopatras brother and rival monarch.  [32]   However, Hannam argues this would likely be the number of papyrus scrolls and many of these were needed to make up an entire book. He believes that Senecas figure of 40,000 is more reasonable and still makes the Royal Library much larger than any of the later classical or medieval libraries.  [33]  Using Gellius as a source, the figure reaches 700,000 books. It is clear that ancient figures vary by wide margins.  [34]  The higher numbers have been accepted by many modern scholars, in spite of the fact that lacking modern inventory systems, ancient librarians, even if they cared to, scarcely had the time or means to count their collections.  [35]   How the Royal Library was destroyed In 48 BCE, Caesar was pursuing Pompey into Egypt when he was cut off by an Egyptian fleet at Alexandria. Outnumbered and in enemy territory, Caesar ordered the ships in the harbor to be set on fire. The fire spread and burned down part of the city where the great Library stood. The earliest account of the destruction of the Library in The Civil Wars by Julius Caesar who states he had to set the fleet in the harbor on fire for his own safety and that some ports arsenals also went up in flames. Plutarch, writing his Life of Caesar at the end of the first century CE, refers that the renowned library was burnt down by the fire Caesar.  [36]  Aulus Gellius, a second century author, included in his Attic Nights a brief passage about libraries where the destruction of the Royal Library is mentioned as taking place by accident during the Romans first war against Alexandria when auxiliary soldiers started a fire.  [37]   In a later book The Alexandrine War 1, Caesar does not mention setting fire to Alexandria but does state that the city was made of stone and would not burn.  [38]  Some scholars argue that Alexandria burns as well as any city and perhaps Caesar was attempting to hide his actions.  [39]  Cicero is silent on a fire in Alexandria in his Philippics.  [40]  . The second story of the Librarys destruction is more popular, thanks primarily to Gibbons The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Theophilus was Patriarch of Alexandria from 385 to 412 CE. During his reign the Temple of Serapis was converted into a Christian Church, and it is likely that many documents were destroyed then. Legend has it that Hypatia, a fifth-century scholar and mathematician of Alexandria, was dragged from her chariot by a mob of monks who burned her upon the remnants of the old Library.  [41]   One of the most famous legends about the Great Library is that of it being burnt down on the instructions of the Caliph Omar after Alexandria had been captured by the Arabs. However, Edward Gibbon reports this is not true.  [42]  In 640 CE the Moslems took the city of Alexandria although this story is attributed to a Christian who spent a great deal of time writing about Moslem atrocities without much historical documentation. Unfortunately most of the writers from Plutarch (who apparently blamed Caesar) to Edward Gibbons (blamed Christians) to Bishop Gregory (who was particularly anti-Moslem, blamed Omar) may be biased. It is possible that the collection ebbed and flowed as some documents were destroyed and others were added. For instance, Mark Antony was supposed to have given Cleopatra over 200,000 scrolls for the Library long after Julius Caesar is accused of burning it. It is likely that even if the Museum was destroyed with the main library, the outlying daughter library at the Temple of Serapis continued on. Many writers seem to equate the Library of Alexandria with the Library of Serapis although technically they were in two different parts of the city.  [43]  Historian Canfora is skeptical and her interpretation is that Plutarchs passage is an interpolation  [44]  . Hannam interprets Plutarch as merely reporting a list of slanders against Antony made others.  [45]   Hannam maintains that the Royal Library of Alexandria was not standing during the Christian era. It is his theory that a major library was founded at the Serapeum during its rebuilding in the second century CE and that this library became confused in the minds of various writers with the Royal Library of the Ptolemies that had disappeared over two centuries before. The Serapeum ceased to be when a Christian mob tore it down to the foundations under the leadership of the orthodox patriarch Theophilus after he had received word from the Emperor Theodosius. The year this happened is generally fixed to AD391 and it is one of the best attested events in late antiquity. The Serapeum library was probably founded as an adornment to the new Roman temple. Although there are no details as to its size, it would have been quite large enough to be confused with the earlier Royal Library.  [46]   The Library is often portrayed as the repository of all ancient wisdom and that its loss meant that science would progress at a much slower pace. Hannam believes the truth of the matter is that the Library was an important institution in the history but that its destruction in the first century BCE did not spell the end of ancient scholarship. In fact, Alexandria remained the Mediterraneans intellectual capital for seven centuries afterwards due to the library in the Serapeum and patronage of Roman Emperors. Hannam goes on to explain that in the final analysis, the Arab invasion ended the story of the Alexandria library. A that point, the cultural inheritance from the ancient world would be preserved in Constantinople and Baghdad.  [47]   Historian Luciano Canfora explains that placing the Librarys disappearance in the first century B.C.E., as opposed to four centuries later or even later at the end of the seventh century, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦necessarily alters our perception of the quality of the Greek literature that has come down to us. Canfora recounts the major theories: the catastrophe is blamed either on Julius Caesar (48/47 B.C.E.) or on the fanaticism of the Arabs who conquered Alexandria in 642 A.D. Canfora supports the latter theory because the flow translations from Greek flowing through Egypt came to a halt at the end of the seventh century. Roger Bagnalls theory is that the disappearance of the Library is the result of the end of the impetus and interest that brought it into being and of the lack of the kind of sustained management and maintenance that would have seen it through successive transitions in the physical media by means of which the texts could have been transmitted. The library of Alexandria began to disappear when the community of scholars for which it had been created was broken up; or when, as Bagnall says, the generative impetus of the first centuries ended. Conclusions Repeatedly rebuilt, modified, and burned, the few facts that can be determined about the Librarys long history convey its semi-legendary status. Delia has underlined the literary and romantic character of these traditions, which are not more reliable, from a historical point of view, than the novel.  [48]   The central place of the Alexandrian library in Western cultural memory derives from a combination of several factors: the foundation project; the connection between the library and the Museum; the capability of the Alexandrian library to generate knowledge, and not only to accumulate it; its destruction, a symbol of countless similar tragedies. Each of these elements concerns the present and future of our civilization, no less than its ancient roots.

A Rock n Roll Ulysses :: Free Essays Online

A Rock n' Roll Ulysses In a letter to Carlo Linati, James Joyce wrote, "Each adventure [in Ulysses]. . . should not only condition but even create its own technique" (Dettmar, from Joyce, 143). Written nearly three decades before "long players" (phonograph record albums) were to invade the marketplace, Ulysses stylistically resembles a pop album (or the other way around). Ulysses was composed of eighteen "adventures" that created their own technique. The same principle applies to pop albums, which contain separate and distinct tracks that musically reflect the lyrical content (or parody that content). One album that is as stylistically challenging to the conventions of pop music as Ulysses was to the novel is The Beatles' eponymous 1968 album (commonly referred to as The White Album). Albums are generally composed of a group of songs from one recorded group of sessions (anywhere from one day to years) that carry separate narratives within each. Across an entire album, the songs can change singers, styles, points of view (first, second and third person voices), and even include songs written by other songwriters. The first album to sell a million copies was Elvis Presley's self-titled debut album in 1956, over a decade after the end of World War II. In both date and concept, the album is a postmodern invention and artifact. Many theorists assume postmodernism was initiated at the conclusion of World War II, after the introduction of the atomic bomb by the United States to the rest of world. Just as "the bomb" erased one hundred thousand living "narratives" with one plausibly fictive hot flash of light that was indeed real, postmodernism claims that "'history' and 'reality' [are] no longer possible, since both have been 'textualised'" (Selden and Widdowson, 174). Some of the stylistics of postmodernism include hybridity, non-linearity, the questioning of identity, self-reflexivity, excess, and the telling of the unspeakable. These stylistic modes, however, are not exclusive to postmodernism, and combinations of some of these styles exist in numerous books written prior the end of the second World War. Notable texts before this period using "postmodern" techniques include Sterne's Tristram Shandy (1767), Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865), Joyce's Ulysses (1922), and Woolf's Th e Waves (1934).